All rights reserved. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". Rajatarangini . Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Answer. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Concerning past occasions. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Request Permissions. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. It does not store any personal data. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. (I.191) He belonged to. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. that the material was genuinely picky. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Murdered by Radda. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Updates? Kalhana was a poet. Verse 15. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. elsewhere. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Made king by the minister Shura. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Devout Shaivite. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. An unpopular king, he was killed. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. . The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Translations. The relative Turn on. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Report Error Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Established the city of. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. Sanskrit In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. View all Google Scholar citations Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. field of Asian Studies. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. After ruling indirectly and directly. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Verse 14. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. After that, the English translation. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. all exact any . She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. . Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. Her son was Chippatajayapida. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. for this article. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. epic poem Answer. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. the Kambojs Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics You can try more lenient search to get some results. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Deposed by the minister Shura. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. He erected a monument at. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Wife of Damodara. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka.
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