glgetfloatv gl_modelview_matrix

glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m) ——将GL_MODELVIEW矩阵的16个值加载到m中 例子1：ModelView Matrix 这个demo应用显示怎样使用glTranslatef()和glRotatef()操作GL_MODELVIEW 0 1 0 0. // By passing in GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, we can abstract our model view matrix. 2： glMatrixMode (GL_MODELVIEW) 干了什么事？. AleksandarSeptember 27, 2011, 11:02am #2 There is no distinct Model matrix in OpenGL. The initial value is 1. ¥ Reuse of transformations ¥ Control the ef fect of transformations ... OpenGL Modelview matrix 7 7. a symbolic constant indicating the state variable to be returned, and paramsis a pointer to an array of the indicated type in which to place the returned data. These are the top rated real world C++ (Cpp) examples of Matrix4f extracted from open source projects. Related. Call setup_cull_info once per drawing callback...this queries OpenGL to get the visibility info from OpenGL's state. glMultMatrixf ()는 현재 모델뷰 행렬에 인자로 전달된 행렬을 곱합니다. Posted by Unknown at 03:11 1 comment: Email This BlogThis! In that case you’ll just have to transpose it to get what you were used to get with glGetFloatv C++ (Cpp) glGetFloatv - 30 examples found. When I put this function in the mousePressEvent, the matrix m always an unit matrix. glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mat) 2013-09-23 10:54 − 这个函数的作用是取出GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX，然后存储在mat这个矩阵中，用于逆变换等。 qingsun_ny i want to translate this c++ code into python: CODE float modelview[16]; int i,j; glPushMatrix(); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX… 마지막으로 glGetFloatv를 통해서 현재 모델뷰 행렬을 matrix에 저장합니다. See glPushMatrix. void glGetFloatv(int pname, FloatBuffer params) glGetFloatv Parameters: pname- GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX or GL_TEXTURE_MATRIX params- the FloatBuffer's position remains unchanged, which is the same behavior than the native JOGL GL impl glGetFloatv void glGetFloatv(int pname, float[] params, glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m); but i need to get Model Matrix only for my calculations. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m): return 16 values of GL_MODELVIEW matrix to m. Example: ModelView Matrix. Javaは、1995年にサン・マイクロシステムズが開発したプログラミング言語です。表記法はC言語に似ていますが、既存のプログラミング言語の短所を踏まえていちから設計されており、最初からオブジェクト指向性を備えてデザインされています。 glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m) ——将GL_MODELVIEW矩阵的16个值加载到m中 例子1：ModelView Matrix 这个demo应用显示怎样使用glTranslatef()和glRotatef()操作GL_MODELVIEW This demo application shows how to manipulate GL_MODELVIEW matrix by translation and rotation transforms. GL_MODELVIEW matrix is a combination of Model and View matrices (). Model transform is to convert from object space to world space. And, View transform is to convert from world space to eye space. Note that there is no separate camera (view) matrix in OpenGL. GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX: Modelview matrix stack - Identity: glGetFloatv() GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX: Projection matrix stack - Identity: glGetFloatv() GL_TEXTURE_MATRIX: Texture matrix stack - Identity: glGetFloatv() GL_VIEWPORT: Viewport origin and extent: viewport - glGetIntegerv() GL_DEPTH_RANGE: Depth range near and far: 就是载入模型视图矩阵， 如下：. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. The GL_MODELVIEW matrix, as its name implies, should contain modeling and viewing transformations, which transform object space coordinates into eye space coordinates. Remember to place the camera transformations on the GL_MODELVIEW matrix and never on the GL_PROJECTION matrix. opengl入门系列2- 模型视图矩阵变换_黑不溜秋的的博客-程序员宝宝_opengl视图变换矩阵. Using the Model-view Matrix •In OpenGL the model-view matrix is used to - Position the camera • Can be done by rotations and translations but is often easier to use gluLookAt - Build models of objects •The projection matrix is used to define the view volume and to select a camera lens //save matrix glGetFloatv (GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX, &floatArray [0]); //set matrix back glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION); glLoadMatrixf (floatArray); Share. OpenGL has a small set of built-in matrices and matrix manipulation routines that are actually quite useful. glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, Matrix) After that, we multiply this matrix with the coordinate of our target and we obtain the target coordinate in the camera space, which is 2D. I have checked the values that glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m) outputs and they are quite “strange”. (m0, m1, m2),(m4, m5, m6)和(m8, m9, m10) 是用作欧拉变换和仿射变换，例如glRotate (),缩放glScalef (). To combine 2 matrices, we multiply them. There are actually only three things you can pass to glMatrixMode: glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); is the common case. GL import *. OpenGL provides matrix stacks specifically for this purpose. In this case, use the ModelView matrix stack. A typical OpenGL application first sets the matrix mode with a call to glMatrixMode (GL_MODELVIEW) and loads a viewing transform, perhaps with a call to gluLookAt (). params returns sixteen values: the modelview matrix on the top of the modelview matrix stack. float modelview_matrix[16]; glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, modelview_matrix); //This is where the text display actually happens. So an actual rotation of the camera by 45 degress to the right is achieved with a matrix which applies a 45 degree rotation to the left to all the world-space vertices.. For a Camera object you would need to get its local forward … gl.glGetFloatv(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, output, 0); #2 Nil, Aug 2, 2010. mr87 Lurker. cos ( angle ), math. You won't be using the texture matrix stack at all, and aside from perspective transform, which goes to the projection matrix stack, everything goes to the modelview matrix stack. The GL_PROJECTION matrix should contain only the projection transformation calls it needs to transform eye space coordinates into clip coordinates. When multiplied by the LookAt view matrix, the world-space vectors are rotated (brought) into the camera's view while the camera's orientation is kept in place.. i'm trying to write a plugin, using python, that draws some stuff into the viewport. I want to use glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m) to get the model-view matrix. The only difficult thing is grabbing the plane equations from the projection and modelview matrix, which I did with the help of www.markmorley.com (see the references page; this page has disappeared, but I've kept a copy here). -->"glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX,MatrixModelView);"-The object (in Unity -> a cube) I want to be on the pattern follow the pattern when I move the pattern. Off the top of my head, I believe you need to use glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, float*). This answer is not useful. opengl入门系列2- 模型视图矩阵变换_黑不溜秋的的博客-程序员宝宝_opengl视图变换矩阵. Every draw callback they are changing a lot, while the camera isn’t changing (for instance, from the 3D cockpit, with the aircraft on ground and view aligned to front). But regardless, printing out a translation matrix will probably give you all the information you need, regardless of which way you think of your matrices: the translation values will either be all adjacent in positions 12-14, or spread out in positions 3, 7 and 11. Using the Model-view Matrix •In OpenGL the model-view matrix is used to • Position the camera • Can be done by rotations and translations but is often easier to use gluLookAt • Build models of objects •The projection matrix is used to define the view … gluLookAt will rotate and translate the world in a way, that the camera will be located at {0, 0, 0} and looks towards the negative z-axis. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m) : return 16 values of GL_MODELVIEW matrix to m. Demo: Source Code: Download Here. i'm trying to write a plugin, using python, that draws some stuff into the viewport. In the main program, you must write the values in both of these new matrices. Friday, 22 August 2014. matrixGetName - GLMatrixFunc.GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, GLMatrixFunc.GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX or GLMatrixFunc.GL_TEXTURE_MATRIX params - the FloatBuffer's position remains unchanged, which is the same behavior than the native JOGL GL impl; glGetFloatv gl instanceof GL11 in a conditional block. C++ (Cpp) Matrix4f - 30 examples found. Between callbacks the camera may have moved. But a problem occurs. いずれかの行列を得るには、定数gl_modelview_matrixまたはgl_projection_matrixをglgetxxxxで使用します。 GLfloat model[16]; glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, model); 私は、OpenGLシェーディング言語（GLSL）バージョン1.5を使って頂点シェーダとジオメトリシェーダを作成し … Hi, I have created a Vertex Buffer Object in my project quite similar to the simpleGL example but I am having problems rendering it correctly. そのような操作を行うには、 glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX) および glMultMatrixf 。 gluLookAt によるビューマトリックスの初期化 ビューマトリックスを変数に読み込みます（ viewMatrix ）by glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX) 、メインループの前。 各フレームのメインループ内： However, if you are getting a non-identity matrix, then your problem is that you’re resetting the modelview matrix somewhere before the glGet. The model transformation applied to the whole scene is, in fact, the view transformation. // For each line of text we reset the modelview matrix // so that the line's text will start in the correct position. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. glGetFloatv public void glGetFloatv(int matrixGetName, FloatBuffer params) Description copied from interface: GLMatrixFunc glGetFloatv Specified by: glGetFloatv in interface GLMatrixFunc Parameters: matrixGetName - GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX or GL_TEXTURE_MATRIX params - the FloatBuffer's position remains unchanged, which is the … 8. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, fTmp1); // 모델뷰행렬에 tmp1로 덮어쓴다. If I zoom in the billboards are visible again. The one returned by glGetFloatv is in column major order, meaning that the matrix is: a[0] a[4] a[8] a[12] a[1] a[5] a[9] a[13] a[2] a[6] a[10]a[14] a[3] a[7] a[11]a[15] gl_ModelViewMatrix may be in row major order. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, &matrix); If this doesn’t get something that is not identity, then I can’t explain the problem. First, to get the view matrix, do camera transforms with glLoadIdentity (), glTranslate (), glRotate or gluLookAt or whatever you prefer as usual, and then call glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, & array); to get matrix data into an array. It uses something called the 'ModelView Matrix' (M*V), which is a combination of transformed local model coordinates known as a Model Matrix (M) and virtual camera position known as a View Matrix (V). 2： glMatrixMode (GL_MODELVIEW) 干了什么事？. The modelview matrix is the concatenation (i.e. tinman March 17, 2019, 12:26pm #4 I obtained the modelview matrix using glGetFloatv, multiplied the desired location within my Property's idea of its coordinate system, then retrieved the viewport and applied the world-to-viewport computations to help me know where I should draw the text. Example. The GL_MODELVIEW matrix, as its name implies, should contain modeling and viewing transformations, which transform object space coordinates into eye space coordinates. 위에서 회전 연산에 의해 누적된 행렬이 저장된 temp_matrix를 다시 불러오고 있습니다. 각 프레임의 메인 루프에서 : Identity matrix (glLoadIdentity)를로드하십시오. openglではプロジェクション(射影)変換行列(gl_projection)、モデル座標変換行列(gl_modelview)など複数の行列を使います。 どの行列で検証しても良いのですがここでは主に使用する行列である、モデル座標変換行列の値を取得してみます。プログラムの主な部分は以下の様になります。 Hello, I have a cube and do some transformations. As with everything in OpenGL, you choose the current matrix to operate on using a gl... command, in this case glMatrixMode. opengl中延迟渲染不能按预期工作,我对opengl和GLSL很有经验。对于我的引擎，我想实现延迟照明，知道它不会是一项微不足道的任务。几个小时后，我得到 Every draw callback they are changing a lot, while the camera isn’t changing (for instance, from the 3D cockpit, with the aircraft on ground and view aligned to front). The view matrix is the inverse of the camera transform, and the model matrix is the transform of the object you are currently rendering. I can get the right results. Notabene. def get_xrot ( angle ): c, s = math. The solution for me the following; the code: self.camera = camera_view.View() is moved to the method that initializes OpenGL that is: I have checked the values that glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m) outputs and they are quite “strange”. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mat); would retrieve the values of the current modelview matrix and store it in "mat" matrix. // 이로써 OpenGL API가 계산해주는 것과 내가 행렬 연산을 직접 만든다면 // 서로 비교해볼 수도 있게 되었다. As the class View was called before initializing OpenGL and it always returned the GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX as zero matrix. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX) 및 glMultMatrixf와 같은 작업을 수행합니다. // This also stores it in an array of [16]. You can also very easily use function glGetFloatv. hi. C++ mul_m3_v3使用的例子？那么恭喜您, 这里精选的函数代码示例或许可以为您提供帮助。. void gluPerspective(GLdouble fovy, GLdouble aspect, GLdouble near, GLdouble far); : Creates a matrix for a symmetric perspective-view frustum and multiplies the current matrix by it. sin ( angle) I might be a tad off so use MSDN to get the exact arguments. In the case of the current modelview matrix, this will - generally - always be calculated CPU-side by the driver, then sent to the GPU for actual use when a draw call occurs. Thread Starter. Parse JSON String by SQL script. DirectX没有令人误导的列存储方式,生成的ViewMatrix确实符合这个数学标准. cpp code #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN #include #include ); I have code similar to this and m contains all zeros except for m [15], which contains 1.0. hi. import TMesh. Matrix Stack Why a stack? OpenGL does not provide a mechanism for converting Local coordinates to World coordinates, (nor does it define any such coordinates). You need to pass 16 element float array. multiplication) of the two. mycopy[2], mycopy[6] and … The model to world matrix would have to be different for every object because the matrix depends on the object's location in the game world. a = (GLfloat * 16)() mvm = glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, a) print list(a) Of course, you can access individual elements of "a" by using a[0] syntax. glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX,matrix); glLoadMatrixf ()는 인자로 전달되는 행렬을 모델뷰행렬로 불러옵니다. Improve this answer. i want to translate this c++ code into python: CODE float modelview[16]; int i,j; glPushMatrix(); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX… So a glGetFloatv on the current modelview matrix won't actually need to round-trip to the GPU - it can just grab the copy of it that the driver is storing CPU-side and give that back to your program. The matrix can be calculated using OpenGL command: C++. //Notice that we need to reset the matrix, rather than just translating //down by h. glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mat) 2013-09-23 10:54 − 这个函数的作用是取出GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX，然后存储在mat这个矩阵中，用于逆变换等。 qingsun_ny This browser is no longer supported. If I zoom in the billboards are visible again. Download the source and binary: (Updated: 2019-12 … answered Feb 21 '11 at 19:51. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mmtx); // get the "location" (It's similar to pointer) of uniform variable in shader GLint pmatLoc = … These are the top rated real world C++ (Cpp) examples of glGetFloatv extracted from open source projects. Elements 0-3 is the first *row*, 4-7 the second *row* etc. void gluPerspective(GLdouble fovy, GLdouble aspect, GLdouble near, GLdouble far); : Creates a matrix for a symmetric perspective-view frustum and multiplies the current matrix by it. ); glTranslatef (100.0f, 0., 0. Programming Language: C++ (Cpp) Method/Function: glGetFloatv. Remember to place the camera transformations on the GL_MODELVIEW matrix and never on the GL_PROJECTION matrix. Now, again, one of the things that kept messing up my gluUnProject is that I would forget to load the identity matrix before getting the ModelView and Projection matrix. The other one is the model-view matrix for the Unity object which will appear on the pattern. fovy is the angle of the field of view in the y-z plane; its value must be in the range [0.0,180.0].aspect is the aspect ratio of the frustum, its width divided by its height. GLU import *. glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadMatrixf(CT); glRotated(angle,uX,uY,uZ); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX,CT); The call to glMatrixMode is needed at the outset here because OpenGL maintains a number of matrices behind the scene. MSDN (glGetFloatv) To the vast majority of mankind, nothing is more agreeable than to escape the need for mental exertion... To most people, nothing is more troublesome than the effort of thinking. GLfloat Matrix[16]; glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, Matrix); Will copy the current modelview matrix (top of modelview matrices stack) to Matrix array. How then, can there be a singular model-view-projection matrix or a model-view matrix (mvmatrix in the code) if every model has a different model to world matrix? cpp code #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN #include #include but the array it returns only consists of zeros #3 mr87, Aug 3, … 而当我们使用glGetFloatv(GL_TRANSPOSE_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, &mat),才与上述规则相一致. Copy Code. 1 Jernej Barbic CSCI 420 Computer Graphics Lecture 6 Hierarchical Models University of Southern California Projections and Shadows Hierarchical Models Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN #include #include #include "GLee/GLee.h" //GL header file, including extensions #include #include "Maths/Maths.h" #include "TIMER.h" #include "FPS_COUNTER.h" #include "scene.h" #include "main.h" //Timer used for frame rate independent movement TIMER timer; //Frames per second counter FPS_COUNTER fpsCounter; //Camera & … Defining Mcam Common way Eye point I need to know the coordinates of the vertices so i use the “glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, matrix1)” where “matrix1” is a matrix with 16 positions of type GLfloat. You need to pass 16 element float array. Thus, if you started with an identity matrix, you would get a … To do that use following code: a = (GLfloat * 16)() mvm = glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, a) print list (a) Of course, you can access individual elements of "a" by using a[0] syntax. To get either matrix you use the constants GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX or GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX with glGetxxxx: Show activity on this post. gluLookAt로 뷰 매트릭스를 초기화하고 메인 루프 전에 viewMatrix로 뷰 매트릭스를 변수 (glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX))에로드하십시오. In this example we add shadow using openGL with use of shadow mapping technique. When I use this function in my paintGL loop. GLdouble m[16] ; glGetDoublev(GL_MODEL VIEW_MA TRIX,m) ; GLfloat m[16] ; glGetFloatv(GL_MODEL VIEW_MA TRIX,m) ; 5 4. 在下文中一共展示了 mul_m3_v3函数 的20个代码示例，这些例子默认根据受欢迎程度排序。. C++. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. GL_MODELVIEW. params returns one value, the number of matrices on the modelview matrix stack. pname - GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX or GL_TEXTURE_MATRIX params - the FloatBuffer's position remains unchanged, which is the same behavior than the native JOGL GL impl; glGetFloatv void glGetFloatv (int pname, float[] params, int params_offset) OpenGL入门学习[五] 今天要讲的是三维变换的内容，课程比较枯燥。主要是因为很多函数在单独使用时都不好描述其效果，我只好在最后举一个比较综合的例子。 I was using GL10, but I now changed it to GL11 and called glGetFloatv(). How come when I do a glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mycopy) to get the current matrix right after the GluLookAt command is executed, I end up getting a Look Vector of (0.0, 1.0, 0.0) so that it's a positive Y value? for more information. Follow this answer to receive notifications. Show activity on this post. """ # Get current projection and modelview matrices pmat = glGetFloatv(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX) mmat = glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX) # Allocate a composite matrix float[4, 4] cmat = [None] * 4 for i in range(0, 4): cmat[i] = [0.0] * 4 # Compute a composite transformation matrix. 在DirectX中D3DXMatrixLookAtLH建立出的ViewMatrix为(R, U, N),这里的R,U,N是列向量,即ViewMatrix的第一列是R,第二列是U,第三列是N. 就是载入模型视图矩阵， 如下：. Using the Model-view Matrix •In OpenGL the model-view matrix is used to - Position the camera • Can be done by rotations and translations but is often easier to use gluLookAt - Build models of objects •The projection matrix is used to define the view volume and to select a camera lens glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mvMtx2); what we will get (because Opengl uses column per column for matrix, so, what we will get in memory for mvMtx1 is first column, second column…., not as what we normally do in math: first row, second row…. glGetFloatv( GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, modl ); // Now that we have our modelview and projection matrix, if we combine these 2 matrices, // it will give us our clipping planes. # Rotation matrix along x/y/z axis. fovy is the angle of the field of view in the y-z plane; its value must be in the range [0.0,180.0].aspect is the aspect ratio of the frustum, its width divided by its height. The camera actually never moves, the world does. This is the camera setup used in OpenGL. In this example we add shadow using openGL with use of shadow mapping technique. Examples at hotexamples.com: 30. Thanks in advance. The GL_MODELVIEW matrix, as its name implies, should contain modeling and viewing transformations, which transform object space coordinates into eye space coordinates. tmp1은 0행렬이다. GlFloat Minv[16]; glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX,Minv);.... VMatMult(Minv,l); LWJGL eample of the same function: from OpenGL. Anyway, this will throw the current modelview matrix into a 16 float array. Initially this matrix is the identity matrix. Copy Code. float modelview_matrix[16]; glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, modelview_matrix); // This is where the text display actually happens. To do that use following code: a = (GLfloat * 16)() mvm = glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, a) print list (a) Of course, you can access individual elements of "a" by using a[0] syntax. glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, MVmatrix); Remember that gluPerspective and gluLookAt (along with most matrix manipulation routines) multiply their computed matrix against the top-of-the-stack matrix. Is it related to the Thread? 矩阵是模型矩阵（Model Matrix）和视觉矩阵（View Matrix）的组合 ()。其中，Model 变换指的是将Object Space转换到World Space （译注：World Space值得是OpenGL中的三维空间），而View 变换是将World space变换到eye space。 注意：在OpenGL中没有单独的camera（view） matrix。 GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX. GL_MODELVIEW_STACK_DEPTH. OpenGL supports what your 4x4 transform library from homework 1 does: glTranslatef(..) , glScalef(..) , and glRotatef(..) . ): mvMtx1: [ 1 0 0 0. //For each line of text we reset the modelview matrix //so that the line's text will start in the correct position. (m0, m1, m2),(m4, m5, m6)和(m8, m9, m10) 是用作欧拉变换和仿射变换，例如glRotate (),缩放glScalef (). glGetFloatv (GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, m) Which matrix is put in m, the one that was pushed on the matrix stack, or the one with the translation and rotation applied to it: glRotatef (30.0f, 0., 1., 0. model_view = np.array(glGetDoublev(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX)) proj = np.array(glGetDoublev(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX)) view = np.array(glGetDoublev(GL_VIEWPORT)) 3d_point = gluUnProject(x,y, 0.0) 其中x，y是图像中像素的坐标，但是当我在知道其位置（立方体角）的像素上进行检查时，我会感觉像是随机结果。 So, now that this is done, the rest is pretty easy. an error to push a full matrix stack, or to pop a matrix stack that contains only a single matrix.

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