They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. Norman Conquest - National Geographic Society [21], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. Animosity, Amnesia, or Admiration? Mass Opinion Around the World Toward A spokeswoman for Austria's Weltmuseum Wien acknowledges 13 of its 173 Benin Bronzes "have been linked definitively to the British invasion" though eight were acquired in the 16th century . Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. 4. The official languages of Kenya, for example, are English and Kiswahili, while Zimbabwe -- formerly Rhodesia under British colonial rule -- uses English as its only official language. British Colonize Nigeria Essay - 979 Words | Bartleby Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. The Action Group, which staged a lively campaign, favoured stronger government and the establishment of three new states while advocating the creation of a West Africa Federation that would unite Nigeria with Ghana and Sierra Leone. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." mitchelville beach house. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. Some were deposed, some were defeated in battle, and others collaborated. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of the regime. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. The cleavage between the Yoruba and the Igbo was accentuated by their competition for control of the political machinery. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive . The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. The proliferation of labour organisations fragmented the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill to draw workers together. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. The kingdom of Benin - BBC Bitesize Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. These included the decline of the Mughal Empire. Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. Protestant sects had flourished in Christianity since the Protestant Reformation; the emergence of independent Christian churches in Nigeria (as of black denominations in the United States) was another phase of this history. Between them, the French and the British had purchased a majority of the slaves sold from the ports of Edo. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. 1. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria History of the British Takeover of Nigeria - U.OSU The federal government retained specified powers, including responsibility for banking, currency, external affairs, defence, shipping and navigation and communications, but real political power was centred in the regions. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. [63], The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffmany of whom originated from outside the territory. One of the most influential monarchies in the history of England began in 1066 C.E. The kingdom of Benin began in the 900s when the Edo people settled in the rainforests of West Africa. The British targeted Nigeria because of its resources. Consequently, in 1849, John Beecroft was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from Dahomey to Cameroon. European Colonialism in Africa. Britain and Nigeria'S Independence in 1960 Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa - ThoughtCo The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. To reduce costs, Lagos was administered first from Freetown in Sierra Leone, along with Gold Coast forts such as Elmina, and later from Accra (in present-day Ghana); only in 1886 did Lagos become a separate colony. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control. Rather than seeing themselves as Zulu, Xhoasa, Sotho, etc, nationalist leaders wanted Africans to view themselves as South Africans. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. In the north, appeals to Islamic legitimacy upheld the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments were related to Islamic ideals. Nigeria: From Colonization To Decolonization | Afrolady The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. In the Northern Cameroons, however, the largely Muslim electorate chose to merge with Nigeria's Northern Region. The racial discriminatory tendencies of the Europeans to Nigerians. Timeline of the British Empire - Historic UK These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. Their history illustrates that rarely they had put a programme or a plan before themselves and then acted upon it. In quick order, a large British military forcedeemed the Punitive Expeditionwas assembled, and on February 18, they arrived in Benin City under orders to invade and conquer it. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire . [11] [12] The war was between the Republic of Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist nation that had declared independence from Nigeria. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,0002,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Developed from Mayan civilization B. acquired empires by means of military conquest C. Independently developed iron technology D. Depended entirely on oral record keeping . Hence, precolonial level of development is positively asso-ciated with level of Spanish colonialism, but negatively associated with level of British colonialism. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment.[62]. During the 1880's through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. To start with, European nations were motivated by economic factors arising from the industrial revolution which started in Britain and extended to other European countries such as Belgium, France and Germany (Hochschild, 158).They wanted cheaper mineral resources for their home industries claiming that resources were abundant in Africa for African nationalism attempted to transform the identity of Africans. Offers a bold rethink: a clear-eyed, unromanticized history of colonial Nigeria written by a Nigerian. The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. Squaring the ledger Britain's rule in Nigeria | Financial Times During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade in the hinterland, including palm products to the coast and the sale of slaves within Igboland. [32] This included a river fleet which it used for retaliatory attacks on uncooperative villages. What are the factors that attracted the British to conquer India The influx of cowrie led to inflation. tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. Some African Christian communities formed their own independent churches. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria
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