When calculating emissions from the burning of biomass by electricity providers, the amount of CO2 emissions would reflect the amount of biomass they use, i.e., if they burn only biomass, their emission factor would be zero. for enhanced transparency and focus on efficiency. Notes: aGWP = Global warming potential. The market-based calculation method was added to incorporate renewable energy certificates purchased on behalf of WRI US operations, in accordance with the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard, Scope 2 Guidance addressing contractual purchases of electricity. The market-based method identifies a hierarchy of different types of contractual instruments from which emission factors can be derived. This category includes emissions from the transportation of employees for business-related activities in vehicles owned or operated by third parties, such as aircraft, trains, buses, and passenger cars. Depicts a calculation for estimating GHG emissions applying the emission factor of a power plant that produces a quantity of electricity (identified by the activity data e.g., a utility invoice) that is consumed by an end-user (not pictured in the graphic). WRI has a defined sustainable investment approach for its endowment. DEP Rules, Chapter 137 lists four specific greenhouse gases and two broad classes for which emissions must be reported. Electricity Emission Factors - Automated Carbon Emissions - Climatiq Emissions of CO2 from the combustion of biomass are reported for informational purposes, but not included in national totals. Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions that occur through the use of purchased electricity, steam, heat, or cooling. In primary mode-based surveys, employees would report the distance traveled for the primary mode of transportation used. the amount of money spent or awarded), - The input-output table to be used, in this case the 2007 benchmark input-output table from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Materiality threshold: Top 80% by value for each fund (including securities within the top 80% by investment value). This Septembers CDP questionnaire (applying to 2015 data) will be updated to align fully with the new Scope 2 Guidance. Notes: aDEFRA did not publish well-to-tank conversion factors for 2010 or 2011, so 2012 conversion factors were used. WRI uses the distance-based approach to estimate emissions from air and rail travel, by multiplying the distance traveled by mode-specific emission factors. electricity emission factors are sourced directly from the supplier in the first instance. cN/R = Not reported - associated activity data not collected, extrapolated from surrounding year data. Since WRI does not produce energy directly, it uses the average-data method to estimate emissions by using secondary regional-average emission factors for upstream emissions per unit of consumption. WRI does not report emissions from any operational financial accounts, staff retirement accounts, or operating reserve funds. Examples to demonstrate each calculation method. Monitoring stack emissions: guidance for selecting a monitoring 3, Many Companies Inaccurately Estimate the Climate Benefits of Their Products, GHG Protocol Standards and Guidance Update Process, The Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials, Estimating and Reporting Avoided Emissions, GPC Supplemental Guidance for Forests and Trees, Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard Online Course, Product Life Cycle Standard Online Course, Global Covenant of Mayors Online Training. 2015 data were extrapolated by taking the average of 2014 and 2016 commute data. Does the new Guidance require certificates to be additional? For instance, some companies may want to purchase certificates from renewable energy located in their grid region or state to help support local air pollution reduction or economic development. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). 5. Criteria #6 of the Scope 2 Quality Criteria identifies key features and methods that supplier-specific emission factors need to have to be used in a consumers scope 2 total. Supply Chain GHG Emission Factors for US Commodities and - Catalog Employee commute data from WRIs international offices are only available for certain years between 2013-2019. b CDP = formerly Carbon Disclosure Project, now known as CDP, provides company reported sustainability data on climate, water, forests. The IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 1996) refer to a hierarchy of calculation approaches and techniques ranging from the application of generic emission factors to direct monitoring: Direct measurement of GHG emissions by monitoring concentration and flow rate. The GHG Protocol defines direct and indirect emissions as follows: The GHG Protocol further categorizes these direct and indirect emissions into three broad scopes: Each tool generally involves the use of emission factors, which relate the amounts of greenhouse gases emitted by a business to a set amount of activity performed by that business. Air - Programs - Emissions Inventory - Greenhouse Gases - Maine These included: The guidance for each category of scope 3 emissions can be downloaded separately. aEPA WARM = Environmental Protection Agency Waste Reduction Model. Whats its value and purpose? Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions from consumption of purchased electricity, heat or steam. Right now, voluntary certificate prices are low. Emissions factors have long been the fundamental tool in developing national, regional, state, and local emissions inventories for air quality management decisions and in developing emissions control strategies. To minimize inconsistencies and improve quality control, WRI created an ongoing tracking table of historic industry sector assignments for each vendor. PDF Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidance: Fugitive Emissions Hierarchy of factors driving N2O emissions in nontilled soils - Yumpu Appendix D also contains a table that summarizes the different calculation methods available for each of the categories. Employees were not surveyed in 2015. Depending on the situation, therefore, it may be more straightforward to find an emission factor that does not consider lifecycle impacts. Facility name Emissions units, including fugitive sources, storage tanks, etc. Soda-lime glass consists of sand, limestone, soda ash, and cullet (broken glass). Table 6.3 from the Scope 2 Guidance describes the hierarchy of emission factors to be used for Scope 2 market-based emission calculations - note residual mix is the second-to-last option in the table: Where the Numbers Come From There are two sets of emission factors in the library: the AIB set and the Green-e set. See Chapter 4 of the Corporate Standard for more guidance and case studies. For WRI, these emissions include well-to-tank (WTT) emissions of purchased fuels, well-to-tank (WTT) emissions of purchased electricity, and transmission and distribution (T&D) losses for purchased electricity. Uncertainty is dependent on the kind of emissions released, the number of tests used to determine the emissions factor, the appropriate decision level (or percentile) within the distribution range, and the number of similar emissions units within a specific area. Click to Download ( Scope 3 Calculation Guidance, 2.04 MB ) Hierarchy - Yumpu into action and scale ; Guidance on collecting activity data and selecting appropriate emission factors; Likely emissions sources and the scopes they fall under (specific to a particular sector); Additional information, such as quality control practices and program specific information. You can support our work by making a gift today or exploring other ways to give. PDF 11.15 Glass Manufacturing - US EPA Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, CBECS (2012) Table C20: Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Climate Region, US EPA eGRID2007 Version 1.1 Year 2005 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates, US EPA eGRID2010 Version 1.0 (2007 data: eGrRID subregion data), US EPA eGRID2010 Version 1.0 (9th edition with 2010 data: eGrRID subregion data), US EPA eGRID2014 (2014 data: Subregion Output Emission Rates), US EPA eGRID2016 (2016 data: Subregion Output Emission Rates), US EPA eGRID2019 (2019 data; Subregion Output Emission Rates), Getting Every Ton of Emissions Right; An Analysis of Emission Factors for Purchased Electricity in China (WRI 2013), Electricity-specific emission factors for grid electricity (Brander et al. Please review our methodology and approach for each emission source to learn about WRIs inventory data limitations. Currently, scope 3 is included but not separated in WRI calculations. - The detailed sector that each good, service, or partner belongs to, - The amount of economic activity in the sector (i.e. An emissionsfactor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS cradle-to-gate) emissions from the production of goods (tangible products), as well as services and subgrants (intangible products). To meet the GHG Protocol's strict requirements for market-based reporting, companies must report the most precise and accurate market-based emissions factors, in accordance with a hierarchy of contractual instruments, that meet eight rigorous Quality Criteria. World Resources Institute The term market-based method is new, but the concept was originally referenced in the Corporate Standard. Total electricity consumed (MWh) (see location-based activity data, above); Total MWh of renewable energy certificates (RECs) purchased by WRI US building management company. As noted above, a materiality threshold of 80% was used and the calculated emissions scaled up for the remaining 20% of activity data. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The new Guidance has formalized this method, allowing different types of contractual data to now work together to create a complete allocation of energy generation emissions without double counting between consumers. However, using the USEEIO model reflects only average emissions associated with prepared food purchases, which include impacts from meat. This category includes emissions from WRI's US-based endowment portfolio. Electricity consumption data are multiplied by regional-average well-to-tank emission factors, and separately by regional-average transmission and distribution losses emission factors. c EEIO = Environmentally Extended Input-Output Model, d US EPA = US Environmental Protection Agency. The Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard allows companies to assess their entire value chain emissions impact and identify where to focus reduction activities. - INTA. For example, staff could take transit twice a week and bike in the remaining days, but in a primary mode survey, only the biking or transit would be captured. The key tenants of the Guidance are summarized by a video, the Executive Summary, and a PowerPoint slide deck. Markets for contractual instruments like certificates are designed to deploy renewable energy where it is most cost-effective, so any purchase contributes to long-term, collective impact in the market. landfilled, composted) emission factors that represent average end-of-life processes for the transportation and treatment of waste. The GHG Protocol focuses only on accounting and reporting of GHG emissions. The Scope 3 Standard is the only internationally accepted method for companies to account for these types of value chain emissions. Recognizing this situation, and considering the national inventory practices, the Corporate Standard requires that CO2 emissions from biomass combustion be reported separately from the other scopes in a memo item. Emissions from leased facilities and vehicles (leased assets) may be classified as Scope 1, Scope 2, or Scope 3, depending on the source of emissions, which approach a company uses to establish its organizational boundary, and which type of leasing arrangement is in place. For a discussion of recommended disclosure about corporate energy purchases and their policy context, see Chapter 8 (Recommending Reporting on Instruments Features and Policy Context.). 1. Revised decision trees for many of the categories, More detail on the calculation methods for category 1 Purchased goods and services, in particular the hybrid method, More guidance for category 5 Waste generated in operations, in particular in relation to recycling and waste-to-energy, Extended guidance on category 15 Investments. REC purchased on behalf of WRI US operations previously had been acknowledged but not accounted for in WRIs annual GHG inventory. Scope 2 guidance requires dual reporting, following emission factor hierarchies. In Canada, the Canadian GHG Challenge Registry (www.ghgregistries.ca) publishes provincial grid emission factors. For a company that purchases its electricity from a T&D system, but does not own any part of the system, T&D losses should not be included in a Scope 2 inventory. 2 files. See the guidance document for the Purchased Electricity, Heat and Steam Tool (Section III.B) for a detailed hierarchy of preferred emission factor data sources. In cases where WRI office space is within a building with multiple tenants and organizations, the electricity purchase data for the entire building is multiplied by WRIs square-foot occupancy ratio to determine the portion of electricity consumed by WRI. An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. It is likely occupancy and waste activity data was much lower. An official website of the United States government. Electricity suppliers may calculate a fuel mix and related GHG emissions using different methods and parameters, following different regulatory requirements. Source: WRI. WRI does not lease assets to other entities. The CDP questionnaire currently requests this information. 9. No. Given that the regional residual emission rate is 50 percent greater than the subregional emission rate for WRIs location and could lead to inaccurate estimation, NERC, WRI US: No qualified residual emission data were available. The use of an occupancy ratiobased on square footage and other electricity use estimates are not as accurate as submetering WRIs own electricity consumption. To avoid creating a misleading offset in emissions totals, all recycling weights were considered to have no impact instead of negative or avoided emissions. CEMS are generally thought to be the most accurate way to determine emissions for heterogeneous fuels like municipal solid waste, and collect accurate information on emissions from standard fuels as well. 138 Carbon coefficients from EIA were used wherever possible. A materiality threshold is best set by a GHG program/initiative. Section 1: Introduction Indirect emissions are those that result from an organization's activities, but are actually emitted from sources owned by other entities. - Consistently include and breakout scope 1+2 from scope 3 emissions for each company, fund, and sector within investment emissions. Calculation uses estimation equations from the Climate Registrys General Reporting Protocol (GRP) v 1.1 (2008) - total annual refrigerant emissions (metric tons) =. IEA Emissions Factors 2021. PDF GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance Both confirmed data and estimations were used. WRIs international offices have different levels of inclusion in WRIs central accounting tools. Possible Approaches. However, the GHG Protocol recommends that businesses should use custom values whenever possible. 139 To estimate emissions, diesel consumption data are multiplied by regional-average well-to-tank emission factors for diesel fuel. Notes: aDEFRA stopped publishing transmission and distribution conversion factors in 2018, so 2017 conversion factors were used. WRI also periodically reviews the accuracy of these assignments. The smallest individual vendor payments that cumulatively represent 5 percent of total spend are excluded as they represent an insignificant portion (<0.0001 percent) of the total GHG inventory and would be time-consuming to account for. Staff count includes any staff employed by WRI at any point within each reporting year and have the following designations: Scope 1 emissions from WRIs international offices are only available for certain years from 2014 onward. Additionality is a core concept of offset credits quantified using the project-level methodology to ensure that the offset was the decisive reason a project was implemented; but its not a core concept for contractual electricity supply data in scope 2. PDF GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance If this is the case, these emissions should be tracked and reported under Scope 3 customer travel. For 2019-onwards, any offices that do not have electricity bill or submeter data apply estimated electricity calculations, which are based on using available regional averages of commercial office space electricity use. Yes, keeping in mind that transportation emissions from owned or operated vehicles must be included in Scope 1, while emissions from third party operators would be included under Scope 3. Monthly totals of electricity consumption compiled from bills provided by building management. 1. Corporations are increasingly claiming that their goods and services reduce emissions. What exactly do I need to report about my purchases? Tables presenting supply chain and margin emission factors and data quality scores for US commodities and industries calculated from USEEIO models at two levels of commodity/industry categorization, detail and summary, for both industries and commodity, and annually from 2010-2016. Carbon Management Hierarchy To help focus planning and determine a starting point for carbon mitigation efforts, it is often useful to follow a carbon management hierarchy. This free, web-based tool helps overcome barriers to Scope 3 reporting by providing a quick, rough estimate of a companys GHG emissions, making it easier for both experts and novices to measure, report, and reduce emissions throughout their value chain. PDF Indirect Emissions from Purchased Electricity - U.S. Environmental From 2017 to 2020, WRI US began conducting its own waste audits. Electricity use is included in Scope 2, office space lease is excluded, and maintenance of the copiers and printers is included in Category 1. KYOTO, Japan, May 13 - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released on Monday an update to its methodology used by governments to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Purchased electricity is electricity to be consumed that is purchased or otherwise brought into the organizational boundary of the company. Employee commute data from WRIs international offices are only available for certain years from 2013 onward. Limited capital goods purchases are aggregated with Category 1. Key sources for emission factors include: The most recent version of the Emission Factors Hub (March 2023) includes updates to emission factors for purchased electricity from eGRID, mobile combustion, upstream and downstream transportation, business travel, product transport, and employee commuting. Modified from EPA WARM so that emissions from composting are not considered negative or avoided emissions. For most offices outside of the US, emissions factors are country average data and are not regionally specific to WRIs locations. Both confirmed data and estimations were used. It is the first major revision to the Corporate Standard in over 11 years. According to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard, emissions resulting from the use of sold products may be included as Scope 3 emissions in an inventory. Washington DC 20002 A convenient online training on accounting for emissions throughout the corporate value chain. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Historically, emissions from end-of-life treatment of WRIs sold products (printed publications) accounted for <0.05 percent of WRIs total inventory; therefore, Category 12 is excluded because of challenges associated with data collection. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. For more information, read Chapter 2 (Business Goals), Chapter 4 (Scope 2 Accounting Methods) and Chapter 10 (Background). When available, this emission factor is likely to be the most accurate. Source: WRI. Stack/vent designation numbers, in Form GI-04 or similar form, except when applying for registration permit Option D GI-04A: Flue gas rate estimation for stack or vent flow rates template (aq-f1-gi04a) For example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces, or vehicles; and emissions from chemical production in owned or controlled process equipment. Scope 2 includes GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity consumed by the company. Any data on those hierarchies (including using location-based emission factors in the absence of contractual information) are acceptable. For example, if a company does not include a certain set of sources that the verifier thinks should be included, and those sources are estimated to emit more than the materiality threshold, this would be material discrepancy and emissions from at least some of those sources would need to be inventoried. The market-based method shows emissions for which WRI is responsible through its purchasing decisions based on contractual emissions. However, the disadvantage of this approach is that it would then be difficult for stakeholders to compare the Scope 2 and/or Scope 3 of different companies if one company uses an emission factor that comes from a life cycle analysis. CDP updates its questionnaire every September, and has been incorporating key components of the Guidance over the last few years as it was being developed. While the differences in the emission per dollar spent rate may be small, these discrepancies change total emissions when large transactions are converted using different emission factors. Top Ten Questions about the Scope 2 Guidance | GHG Protocol AIB Energy+ Country Performance Ratings 20012010. CGD Working Paper 301. The USEEIO model was developed with input-output tables representing exchanges among industries in the US, and with US economic data. An emission factor in the public domain, which is specific to the generation plant supplying the facility, Appendix F. Electricity Emission Factors from Energy Information Administration Form EIA-1605 (2007) Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases, OMB No. Theres a long history of suppliers using certificates to track attributes associated with energy generation for consumer-facing programs, both regulatory and voluntary purposes. Inventory Scope and Organizational Boundary, Category 1: Purchased Goods and Services, Subgrants to Partners, Category 3: Fuel and Energy-Related Activities, Category 5: Waste Generated in Operations, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fifth Assessment Report (2014), High-GWP Refrigerants, California Air Resources Board, EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidance: Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources (2016), David Wheeler . The only requirements the Guidance has for contractual instruments in the market-based method are the Scope 2 Quality Criteria, which aim to ensure accurate allocation and eliminate emissions double counting between end-users. Scope 1 includes direct GHG emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company. This page contains the finalized procedures document for emissions factor development. What if I dont make specified renewable energy purchasesdo I still have to do dual reporting? 2021: Employees were surveyed on their work from home (telework) emissions impacts. Ultimately, these are differences in strategy and program design but not the underlying emissions information. Emissions factors. 6. Employee commute and telework impact data are collected using an annual survey. Staff count data are provided alongside annual emissions data for reference. If a company is using the operational control approach to establish its organizational boundary, then leased assets would fall within a companys organizational boundary if an operating lease exists. Their role is to initiate and guide the development of high quality GHG accounting and reporting protocols and standards, which may be used by regulatory bodies and any other entities interested in GHG accounting and reporting. Employee commute data from WRIs international offices are only available for certain years from 2013 onward. Applying the filters below will filter all articles, data, insights and projects by the topic area you select. WRI uses the spend-based approach to estimate emissions for goods, services, and partners by multiplying the economic value of goods, services, and subgrants (i.e. 2019: For offices that dont have electricity bill data, totalMWh is estimated based on average energy intensity for its closest climate zone, with the following formula: Total MWh = (Square Footage x kWh/Sq ft)/1000. In the top category of certificates, for instance, companies should also disclose whether it is unbundled REC purchases, RECs conveyed through a power purchase agreement (PPA), or RECs conveyed to consumers via a supplier-specific emission rate or program. This is because the emissions are a direct emission resulting from the production of a good. The total number of weeks worked is multiplied by the total distance traveled for each mode of transportation for each staff member. liters of fuel consumed, kilometers traveled, etc.) Please read through these FAQs before contacting the GHG Protocol Initiative. XLS IEA Emissions Factors 2021 (light version) 15/09/2021. Basic Information of Air Emissions Factors and Quantification WRI uses both GHG Protocol guidance and specific methodology published byPCAFa. Based on the feedback received, a number of revisions were made to the guidance. Emissions factor for NERC subregion RFC East, Green-e energy-certified wind power from Direct Energy Business, IEA, AIB European Residual Mixes, Electricity Factors by Country 1999-2002 (2018). Im not sure about the emissions numbers my supplier gave me. PDF Indirect Emissions from Purchased Electricity Staff report their top three commute patterns, frequency of each patterns, as well as distances and fuel type and efficiencies (if applicable) about each mode within a pattern. PDF ANNEX 4 IPCC Reference Approach for Estimating CO2 Emissions from Source: WRI. Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution. From 2010 to 2016, the building management for WRIs US operations provided annual reports for recycling and landfill weights collected for the entire building. So, in many cases companies need only activity data, such as the amount of distance traveled or fuel combusted, to calculate their emissions. Below are a number of resources that may provide such information. In citieswith many modes and even multimodal trip options, simply asking staff for their primary mode of travel and distance could result in the loss of important information to help steer sustainable mobility programs and capture GHG impacts. Rather, our intent is to educate sources and regulators about the accuracy of emission factors and to improve such accuracy through the incorporation of the results of direct emissions testing into the estimation of future emission factors. Official websites use .gov Using the general formula, the nonrenewable energy consumption and the residual emissions factor (above) were applied to provide the residual grid emissions.
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