They don't want to be upstanding. ", "Facial Recognition Is Accurate, if You're a White Guy", Analysing ethnic education policy-making in England and Wales, "The Ethics of Reparations: Engaging the Holocaust of Enslavement", The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, "In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea", "Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech', "L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation", "Fact check: Quotes from prominent American statesmen on race are accurate", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, "How the biases in the back of your mind affect how you feel about race", "Joint Declaration of the Greater East Asia Conference (below)", "Toward a World without Evil: Alfred Mtraux as UNESCO Anthropologist (19461962)", "European Court of Human Rights case law factsheet on racial discrimination", "Charter of European Political Parties for a non-racist society", "Helping to make fundamental rights a reality for everyone in the European Union", European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Inter-American Convention against Racism and all forms of Discrimination and Intolerance Study prepared by the Inter-American Juridical Committee, "West Asian views on black Africans during the medieval era", "The Las Casas-Seplveda Controversy: 15501551", " Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set, Volume 2", "Royal Navy and the Slave Trade: Battles: History", "Chasing Freedom Exhibition: the Royal Navy and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, "Holocaust Encyclopedia Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 19391945", Europe at War 19391945: No Simple Victory, "American laws against 'coloreds' influenced Nazi racial planners", "1965 immigration law changed face of America", Current race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: South African minister, "African Revolt Overturns Arab Regime in Zanzibar", 1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda, "ANC's youth leader found guilty of hate speech for Shoot the Boer song", Stop your racist land grab, tribunal tells Robert Mugabe, "The end of an era for Zimbabwe's last white farmers? [149], The racial ideology conceived by the Nazis graded humans on a scale of pure Aryan to non-Aryan, with the latter viewed as subhuman. [200] In November 2009, British newspaper The Guardian reported that Lou Jing, of mixed Chinese and African parentage, had emerged as the most famous talent show contestant in China and has become the subject of intense debate because of her skin color. Indeed, to him the first three were all "internal foreigners", who threatened the ethnic unity of the French people. [25], In Norway, the word "race" has been removed from national laws concerning discrimination because the use of the phrase is considered problematic and unethical. [218][219] Racial divisions also exist in Guyana,[220] Malaysia,[221] Trinidad and Tobago,[222] Madagascar,[223] and South Africa. ), and for centuries wars were waged between princes (Kabinettskriege in German). WebVerywell / Catherine Song Anti-racism is a process of actively identifying and opposing racism. [239][240] Joice Heth, an African-American slave, was displayed by P.T. [142][143][144] Europeans considered Hamites to be more civilized than Sub-Saharan Africans, and more akin to themselves and Semitic peoples. Another popular current, the Vlkisch movement, was also an important proponent of the German ethnic nationalist discourse, and it combined Pan-Germanism with modern racial antisemitism. [44][45], Racism can also be said to describe a condition in society in which a dominant racial group benefits from the oppression of others, whether that group wants such benefits or not. Similar laws existed in BulgariaThe Law for protection of the nation, Hungary, Romania, and Austria. WebIn response to the 2020 police killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Tony McDade and many others, activists and scholars in the United States have taken to the streets, the workplace, and classrooms to decry anti-Black racism and call attention to the ongoing devaluation of Black lives in the U.S. and globally. A few argued against racist ideologies and discrimination, even if they believed in the alleged existence of biological races. Racism [74] By making these generalizations and othering the East, Europe was simultaneously defining herself as the norm, further entrenching the gap. Though many countries around the globe have passed laws related to race and discrimination, the first significant international human rights instrument developed by the United Nations (UN) was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),[21] which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Cazenave and Maddern (1999) define racism as "a highly organized system of 'race'-based group privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color/'race' supremacy. [62][63] At an individual level, people with "color blind prejudice" reject racist ideology, but also reject systemic policies intended to fix institutional racism. "Ethnicity" is often used in a sense close to one traditionally attributed to "race", the division of human groups based on qualities assumed to be essential or innate to the group (e.g. Web[uncountable] hate towards or unfair treatment of Jewish people Collocations Race Questions about grammar and vocabulary? Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Barnum in 1836, a few years after the exhibition of Saartjie Baartman, the "Hottentot Venus", in England. According to the 1965 UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,[22]. During the rise of Nazism in Germany, some scientists in Western nations worked to debunk the regime's racial theories. White Sr.: The little problem I had renting a house, United States Declaration of Independence, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Pennsylvania gubernatorial election of 1866, End of World War II on the European continent, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination", Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "Framework decision on combating racism and xenophobia", "The persistence of racial thinking and the myth of racial divergence", "Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice", "Racist and Religious Crime CPS Prosecution Policy". This page was last edited on 1 June 2023, at 02:45. [146] The colonization effort resulted from a mixture of motives with its founder Henry Clay stating that "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. "[120] According to Lewis, the 14th-century Tunisian scholar Ibn Khaldun also wrote:[116][121]. a belief or doctrine that rejects the supremacy of one racial group over another and promotes racial equality in society. Such racist discourses, combined with nationalism, were not, however, limited to pan-Germanism. Furthermore, they believed that political boundaries should mirror these alleged racial and ethnic groups, thus justifying ethnic cleansing, in order to achieve "racial purity" and also to achieve ethnic homogeneity in the nation-state. [190] In August 1972, Ugandan President Idi Amin started the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. The first theory of eugenics was developed in 1869 by Francis Galton (18221911), who used the then-popular concept of degeneration. [26][27] The Norwegian Anti-Discrimination Act bans discrimination based on ethnicity, national origin, descent, and skin color.[28]. [86][87][88] Some scholars consider modern racism to be characterized by an explicit rejection of stereotypes, combined with resistance to changing structures of discrimination for reasons that are ostensibly non-racial, an ideology that considers opportunity at a purely individual basis denying the relevance of race in determining individual opportunities and the exhibition of indirect forms of micro-aggression toward and/or avoidance of people of other races. This regime based its ideology on the racial separation of whites and non-whites, including the unequal rights of non-whites. In studies of these majority white societies, the aggregate of material and cultural advantages is usually termed "white privilege". Thus, he developed the theory that the French aristocrats were the descendants of foreign invaders, whom he called the "Franks", while according to him, the Third Estate constituted the autochthonous, vanquished Gallo-Romans, who were dominated by the Frankish aristocracy as a consequence of the right of conquest. "[31] Wellman (1993) defines racism as "culturally sanctioned beliefs, which, regardless of intentions involved, defend the advantages whites have because of the subordinated position of racial minorities". After the Napoleonic Wars, Europe was confronted with the new "nationalities question", leading to reconfigurations of the European map, on which the frontiers between the states had been delineated during the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Political scientists Ross Hammond and Robert Axelrod created a computer simulation wherein virtual individuals were randomly assigned one of a variety of skin colors, and then one of a variety of trading strategies: be color-blind, favor those of your own color, or favor those of other colors. [248] A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies found amygdala activity correlated to increased scores on implicit measures of racial bias. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Red Army POWs, whom they viewed as "subhuman". [118] By the eighth century, anti-black prejudice among Arabs resulted in discrimination. [32] In both sociology and economics, the outcomes of racist actions are often measured by the inequality in income, wealth, net worth, and access to other cultural resources (such as education), between racial groups. [165], During the intensification of ties with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, Ante Paveli and the Ustae and their idea of the Croatian nation became increasingly race-oriented. He defined the term as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin". More widely, the devaluation of various traits of character or intelligence as typical of particular peoples. He viewed only the white race as beautiful. [236] According to the 1950 UNESCO statement, The Race Question, an international project to debunk racist theories had been attempted in the mid-1930s. [166][167][168] The Ustae view of national and racial identity, as well as the theory of Serbs as an inferior race, was influenced by Croatian nationalists and intellectuals from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off". racism Quick Reference The inability or refusal to recognize the rights, needs, dignity, or value of people of particular races or geographical origins. The Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband), created in 1891, promoted German imperialism and "racial hygiene", and was opposed to intermarriage with Jews. [98] Late 19th century nationalists were the first to embrace contemporary discourses on "race", ethnicity, and "survival of the fittest" to shape new nationalist doctrines. The neo-Darwinian synthesis, first developed in the 1930s, eventually led to a gene-centered view of evolution in the 1960s. [109] At the same time, Charles Maurras (18681952), founder of the monarchist Action franaise movement, theorized the "anti-France", composed of the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the pejorative mtques). [172] The Ustae introduced laws to strip Serbs of their citizenship, livelihoods, and possessions. In the United States in the early 19th century, the American Colonization Society was established as the primary vehicle for proposals to return black Americans to greater freedom and equality in Africa. Critics of this attitude argue that by refusing to attend to racial disparities, racial color blindness in fact unconsciously perpetuates the patterns that produce racial inequality. It was during this time in history that the Western concept of aristocratic "blue blood" emerged in a racialized, religious and feudal context,[128] so as to stem the upward social mobility of the converted New Christians. This emphasis on culture corresponds to the modern mainstream definition of racism: "[r]acism does not originate from the existence of 'races'. WebDefinition of racist_1 adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Thus, Marxists transformed the essentialist notion of "race" into the historical notion of "class struggle", defined by socially structured positions: capitalist or proletarian. Examples of racial theories used include the creation of the Hamitic theory during the European exploration of Africa. racist_1 adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage [38], Therefore, subconscious racism can influence our visual processing and how our minds work when we are subliminally exposed to faces of different colors. The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 prohibited sexual relations between any Aryan and Jew, considering it Rassenschande, "racial pollution". beyond [known peoples of black West Africa] to the south there is no civilization in the proper sense. The Hottentots (Nama or Khoi) were formed by the merger of Hamitic and Bushmen (San) racesboth being termed nowadays as Khoisan peoples. [36], This process has been studied extensively in social psychology as implicit associations and implicit attitudes, a component of implicit cognition. [119] By the 14th century, a significant number of slaves came from sub-Saharan Africa; Lewis argues that this led to the likes of Egyptian historian Al-Abshibi (13881446) writing that "[i]t is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals. [174][175][168], German praise for America's institutional racism was continuous throughout the early 1930s, and Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models. 5: A specific form of racism that refers to any act of violence or discrimination including racist hate speech, fuelled by historical abuses and negative stereotyping, and leading to the exclusion and [205] In October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport the approximately 150,000[206] Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad. Members of the Vlkisch movement, in particular the Thule Society, would participate in the founding of the German Workers' Party (DAP) in Munich in 1918, the predecessor of the Nazi Party. [177] Nazi expansion eastward was accompanied with invocation of America's colonial expansion westward, with the accompanying actions toward the Native Americans. Historically, racism was a major driving force behind the Transatlantic slave trade. [201] Her attention in the media opened serious debates about racism in China and racial prejudice. They also argue that different forms of racism have characterized different historical periods and geographical areas. [188] The Zanzibar Revolution of January 12, 1964, put an end to the local Arab dynasty. anytime, anywhere with the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary app. They were to continue the process for more than five hundred years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from its Moorish occupiers, and a nobleman demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skinproof that his birth had not been contaminated by the dark-skinned enemy. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. I should expect that the African seaboard, now sparsely occupied by lazy, palavering savages, might in a few years be tenanted by industrious, order-loving Chinese, living either as a semidetached dependency of China, or else in perfect freedom under their own law. During several years, a nationwide crisis affected French society, concerning the alleged treason of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jewish military officer. ), and finally the "Homo mediterraneus" (Neapolitan, Andalus, etc.) UN human rights activists reported in 2003 that rebels had carried out acts of cannibalism. For example, color photographic film was tuned for white skin[67] as are automatic soap dispensers[68] and facial recognition systems. The black man wonders, "Whar is de use for me to work as long as dey make dese appropriations." Principles for Anti-Racist Policymaking - Center for the Study He conceived of France as being divided between various nationsthe unified nation-state is an anachronism herewhich themselves formed different "races". The statement condemned scientific racism theories that had played a role in the Holocaust. [178] In 1928, Hitler praised Americans for having "gunned down the millions of Redskins to a few hundred thousand, and now keeps the modest remnant under observation in a cage. ANTIRACIST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary It aimed both at debunking scientific racist theories, by popularizing modern knowledge concerning "the race question", and morally condemned racism as contrary to the philosophy of the Enlightenment and its assumption of equal rights for all. Peter Bouckaert, the Human Rights Watch's emergencies director, said in an interview that "racist hatred" is the chief motivation behind the violence against Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. Whitecapping, which started in Indiana in the late 19th century, soon spread throughout all of North America, causing many African laborers to flee from the land they worked on. Such theories were vividly described by the writer mile Zola (18401902), who started publishing in 1871, a twenty-novel cycle, Les Rougon-Macquart, where he linked heredity to behavior. Practices and ideologies of racism are condemned by the United Nations in the Declaration of Human Rights.[105]. They cannot be considered human beings. "[246] Simulation-based experiments in evolutionary game theory have attempted to provide an explanation for the selection of ethnocentric-strategy phenotypes. [237], The same year, William Z. Ripley used identical racial classification in The Races of Europe (1899), which would have a great influence in the United States. They come about from various influences in the individual experience. There are only humans who are closer to dumb animals than to rational beings. "[101], Racial prejudice became subject to international legislation. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary (2008) defines racialism as "[a]n earlier term than racism, but now largely superseded by it", and cites the term "racialism" in a 1902 quote. To the contrary, Bartolom de Las Casas argued that the Amerindians were free men in the natural order and deserved the same treatment as others, according to Catholic theology. Racial centrality (the extent to which a culture recognizes individuals' racial identity) appears to affect the degree of discrimination African-American young adults perceive whereas racial ideology may buffer the detrimental emotional effects of that discrimination. "reducing Nigeria to a nation of scammers and fraudulent princes, as some people still do online, is a stereotype that needs to be called out".[41]. In most cases, ethno-national conflict seems to owe itself to conflict over land and strategic resources. that result in a continued unfair advantage [250], A 2017 study in the American Political Science Review found that prejudice towards marginalized groups, such as refugees, could be explained by a failure to take the perspective of the marginalized group. Racism, as an ideology, exists in a society at both the individual and institutional level. It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion that an aristocrat's blood is not red but blue. There is widespread rejection of any methodology based on anything similar to Blumenbach's races. Webnoun [ C ] uk / n.tire.sst / us / n.tire.sst / a person who opposes and makes efforts to end policies, rules, behaviours, beliefs, etc. Pan-Germanism played a decisive role in the interwar period of the 1920s1930s.[108]. General Overview The Racial ideologies and racial identity affect individuals' perception of race and discrimination. Oxford Anti [48][49] This concept has been used especially in the United States in debates over color-conscious policies (such as affirmative action) intended to remedy racial inequalities. "[178], White supremacy was dominant in the U.S. from its founding up to the civil rights movement. They found that the ethnocentric individuals clustered together, then grew, until all the non-ethnocentric individuals were wiped out. This ambivalence may also be visible for example in hiring decisions where job candidates that are otherwise positively evaluated may be unconsciously disfavored by employers in the final decision because of their race. Coalitional computation and social categorization", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "Amygdala Sensitivity to Race Is Not Present in Childhood but Emerges over Adolescence", "A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: does amygdala response reflect threat? [228][229], The 2016 Pew Research poll found that Italians, in particular, hold strong anti-Romani views, with 82% of Italians expressing negative opinions about Romani. While such "subconscious racial biases" do not fully fit the definition of racism, their impact can be similar, though typically less pronounced, not being explicit, conscious or deliberate.[90]. Here, a series of Apartheid legislation was passed through the legal systems to make it legal for white South Africans to have rights which were superior to those of non-white South Africans. According to the United Nations's Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms "racial" and "ethnic" discrimination. It was however often ignored in practice, as the new colonies needed skilled people. It was one of the many controversies concerning racism, slavery, religion, and European morality that would arise in the following centuries and which resulted in the legislation protecting the natives. [20] Garner (2009: p.11) summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. Ethnic nationalism blended with scientific racist discourses, as well as with "continental imperialist" (Hannah Arendt, 1951[108]) discourses, for example in the pan-Germanism discourses, which postulated the racial superiority of the German Volk (people/folk). The UDHR recognizes that if people are to be treated with dignity, they require economic rights, social rights including education, and the rights to cultural and political participation and civil liberty. While the concepts of race and ethnicity are considered to be separate in contemporary social science, the two terms have a long history of equivalence in popular usage and older social science literature. A neuroimaging study on amygdala activity during racial matching activities found increased activity to be associated with adolescent age as well as less racially diverse peer groups, which the author conclude suggest a learned aspect of racism. These theories were strongly denounced in the 1950 UNESCO statement, signed by internationally renowned scholars, and titled The Race Question. [96] In 1775 Johann Blumenbach divided the world's population into five groups according to skin color (Caucasians, Mongols, etc. Bernard Lewis has cited the Greek philosopher Aristotle who, in his discussion of slavery, stated that while Greeks are free by nature, "barbarians" (non-Greeks) are slaves by nature, in that it is in their nature to be more willing to submit to a despotic government. [150] Nazi policies labeled Romani people, people of color, and Slavs (mainly Poles, Serbs, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Czechs) as inferior non-Aryan subhumans. Other results All matches. a belief or practice that recognizes pervasive [187] They migrated to escape racial discrimination and wholesale nationalisation of private enterprises a few years later, in 1964. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been persuaded to sell out to the Nazi government. While much of the research and work on racism during the last half-century or so has concentrated on "white racism" in the Western world, historical accounts of race-based social practices can be found across the globe. In their 1978 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice (Article 1), the UN states, "All human beings belong to a single species and are descended from a common stock. In some cases, ethnicity and nationalism were harnessed in order to rally combatants in wars between great religious empires (for example, the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro-Hungarians). Most biologists, anthropologists, and sociologists reject a taxonomy of races in favor of more specific and/or empirically verifiable criteria, such as geography, ethnicity, or a history of endogamy. Boulainvilliers, who created the matrix of such racist discourse in France, conceived of the "race" as being something closer to the sense of a "nation", that is, in his time, the "race" meant the "people". Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies which are adopted or developed in order to oppose racism. Bernard Lewis has also cited historians and geographers of the Middle East and North Africa region,[116] including Al-Muqaddasi, Al-Jahiz, Al-Masudi, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, and Ibn Qutaybah. However, in the fields of anthropology and biology, these were minority positions until the mid-20th century. Such aspects are described in this section, although the list is not exhaustive. [230] A survey conducted by Harvard University found the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine had the strongest racial bias against black people in Europe, while Serbia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina had the weakest racial bias, followed by Croatia and Ireland.[231][232]. [137], Racism is sometimes described as a modern phenomenon. The term "race hatred" had also been used by sociologist Frederick Hertz in the late 1920s. in defense of Alfred Dreyfus, and the other represented by the nationalist poet, Maurice Barrs (18621923), one of the founders of the ethnic nationalist discourse in France. Statement from the University on anti-racism | University of Oxford According to him, it divided itself in the 19th century according to two rival lines: on one hand, it was incorporated by racists, biologists and eugenicists, who gave it the modern sense of "race", and they also transformed this popular discourse into a "state racism" (e.g., Nazism). Charles Darwin himself opposed the idea of rigid racial differences in The Descent of Man (1871), in which he argued that humans were all of one species, sharing common descent. The UN does not define "racism"; however, it does define "racial discrimination". Pureness of race tended to be related to rather superficial characteristics that were easily addressed and advertised, such as blondness. [209] The anti-Chinese legislation was in the Indonesian constitution until 1998. However, the Hamitic peoples themselves were often deemed to have failed as rulers, which was usually ascribed to interbreeding with Negroes. [56] People who behave in an aversively racial way may profess egalitarian beliefs, and will often deny their racially motivated behavior; nevertheless they change their behavior when dealing with a member of another race or ethnic group than the one they belong to. [159], The Nazis considered most Slavs to be non-Aryan Untermenschen. Reverse racism These books, and others like them, feed into what has been called the "white savior narrative in film", in which the heroes and heroines are white even though the story is about things that happen to black characters. The ideology underlying racism can manifest in many aspects of social life. Webadjective disapproving us / re.sst / uk / re.sst / C2 coming from or having the belief that people who belong to other races are not as good, intelligent, moral, etc. The previously cited book, The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. This means that, although the concepts of race and racism are based on observable biological characteristics, any conclusions drawn about race on the basis of those observations are heavily influenced by cultural ideologies.