The transport of calcium-regulating hormones was found to be increased by applying electroporation and iontophoresis. A novel vaccine delivery system, including the combined in vivo EP and the minicircle DNA carrying codon-optimized HIV-1 gag gene was prepared to evaluate the immunogenicity of this system. Numerous factors impact plasmid uptake and expression after intramuscular injection followed by EP. Hence, this method is amenable to a broader range of DNA amounts (from low to saturating concentrations), fragment sizes, and complexities. 22,23 IRE using a single capacitive discharge from a monophasic A number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of targeted delivery of oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA (siRNA), plasmid DNA, and viral vectors to the corneal cells in vivo, specifically stromal keratocytes and corneal epithelial cells, via intrastromal injection, iontophoresis, electroporation, and gene gun. The use of irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been introduced by Rubinskys group as a method to induce irreversible disruption of cell membrane integrity subsequently causing cell death. The data showed that plasmids persist in the skin at the site of injection for at least four months after immunization [Brave, et al., 2010]. The topical administration of methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of psoriasis and neoplastic diseases is restricted by the poor diffusion of MTX across the s.c. ), currently, skin EP is used as an attractive and less invasive option that is able to induce robust adaptive immune responses. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic in Asia, Europe and Scandinavia, and is caused by infection with the hantaviruses Hantaan (HTNV), Seoul (SEOV), Puumala (PUUV), or Dobrava (DOBV) viruses. After electroporation, the cell membrane recovers, and expression of the transfected nucleic acid can occur. Much intensive research has gone into the development of safe and efficient methods for the delivery of therapeutic genes [Tamura and Sakata, 2003]. Electroporation - SlideShare The studies indicated that the cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is a hemimetabolous insect that is emerging as a model organism for the study of neural and molecular mechanisms of behavioral traits. This variation in tumor response could be due to differences in the state of tumor necrosis, tumor conductivity, or matrix complexity between the different tumors [Anwer, 2008]. Gene transfer to plants by electroporation: methods and - Springer The magnitude of liposome enhancement was dependent on the degree of lipid saturation but independent of polar head group [Anwer, 2008]. Therefore, details on the use of calcium electroporation are essential for carrying out clinical trials comparing electrochemotherapy [Frandsen et al., 2014]. Anionic lipid formulation has shown significant synergistic effect with electroporation on delivering insulin in vitro and in vivo and has the potential to lower the voltage threshold to a small level [Hui, 2008]. The new DNA enters the host cell through the new pores and is . Thermo Fisher Scientific offers the Neon NxT Electroporation System for convenient benchtop electroporation as well as the CTS Xenon Electroporation System for GMP-compliant cell therapy applications. These studies confirmed the synergistic effects of electroporation (EP) and iontophoresis (IP) on the in vivo percutaneous absorption of human insulin in rats [Escobar-Chvez et al., 2009]. Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com, *Address all correspondence to: azam.bolhassani@yahoo.com; A_bolhasani@pasteur.ac.ir. Bleomycin electrochemotherapy has been successfully applied to treat melanomas, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, Kaposis sarcomas, as well as lung, breast, kidney, and bladder cancers. Several formulation strategies have been examined to reduce electroporation toxicity without affecting transfection activity [Anwer, 2008]. Clinical trials have been performed in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancer (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma), adenocarcinoma of the breast, and malignant melanoma. Electroporation is based on a simple process in which an electrical pulse is used to create temporary pores in cell membranes through which payloads can pass. Electroporation Pulse Generation UDK IFAC 621.374.3:57 1.2.2 Review Electroporator is a generator of electric pulses that is used for permeabilization of cells. Electrical pulse creates a potential difference across the cell membrane and induces temporary pores in the membrane for nucleic acid entry. This application has been termed electrochemotherapy [Tsoneva et al., 2007; Gehl, 2008]. This method was used to examine whether introduction and expression of PPAR gene could differentiate skeletal muscle satellite cells to adipocytes in vivo [Bonamassa and Liu, 2010]. A report demonstrated the feasibility of electroporating genes into intact nerve to modify Schwann cell gene expression [Aspalter et al., 2009]. It is superior in some aspects but also has several drawbacks. This failure of tumor targeting in vivo could be attributed to poor stability of the targeted complexes in extracellular milieu, altered integrin receptor affinity for integrin ligand or suboptimal transfection conditions. Repeated pulses appear better than single pulses. Capacitor discharge, square wave generator, and analog generator are used to generate classical electroporation pulses that are longer than . This review examines the advantages and disadvantages of physical non-viral methods (i.e., microinjection, ballistic gene delivery, electroporation, sonoporation, laser irradiation, magnetofection, and electric field-induced molecular vibration), with particular attention given to electroporation because of its versatility, with further special . Systemically injected siRNA could also be delivered into tumors by this method [Valero et al., 2008]. Regularly powering u. Intramuscular administration of HPV DNA vaccines followed by electroporation increased the number of antigen-loaded dendritic cells resulting in the enhancement of gene expression. As for all transfection methods, electroporation has its advantages and disadvantages. In the combined vaccine group, 7/9 of the volunteers receiving all three vaccinations developed neutralizing antibodies to PUUV. The investigators have shown that low-voltage electroporation can induce immunity and protect mice effectively [Daemi et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2008]. Pulmonary Vein Isolation With Single Pulse Irreversible Electroporation However, despite their potential NK cells have proven to be difficult to engineer, with high sensitivity to apoptosis and low levels of gene expression. Since every tissue is specific and has its own characteristics, there are no generally accepted optimal conditions of electroporation that are suitable for effective transfection. In general, there are differences in effective variables between a drug and a gene for delivery by electroporation. Skin electroporation increased transdermal mannitol delivery [Escobar-Chvez et al., 2009]. We will talk about the advantages of electrical energy , this being a source of energy that can be achieved thanks to the movement of charges rich in negative and positive electrons. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The data represented that in vivo, non-invasive insulin delivery to therapeutic levels and glucose extraction may be achieved by combining electroporation with anionic lipids and electroosmosis [Escobar-Chvez et al., 2009]. The transfection efficiency of DNA electroporation was compared with that of non-electroporation methods including, liposome-DNA complexes and integrin-liposome-DNA complexes in different. Electroporation is a widely recognized method of gene delivery into mammalian tissues. Briefly, they include: species, targeted muscle, age, plasmid formulation, plasmid concentration and dose, pulse pattern, electric field intensity (current, voltage and resistance), pulse length, lag time, electrode configuration and orientation. Transport efficiency for small charged molecules (MW 1000, e.g., protoporphyrin IX), using the same polarity pulses, was higher than that for uncharged molecules (e.g., protoporphyrin IX methyl ester) or charged molecules with opposite polarity pulses. Similar results were observed using the HPV-16 E7 protein-based vaccination system [Kang et al., 2011]. Furthermore, the electrode and patch design is an important issue to reduce the discomfort of the electrical treatment in humans [Escobar-Chvez et al., 2009]. This approach results in higher number of anticancer molecules delivered to their biological targets, but is also associated to undesirable side effects such as pain and muscular spasms. Indeed, the co-delivery of plasmid encoded cytokines is able to quantitatively and qualitatively modulate the immune responses in a large animal following in vivo electroporation of a DNA vaccine [Yen and Scheerlinck, 2007]. [Google . Overview of electroporation. Ablative therapies: Advantages and disadvantages of - PubMed A substantial improvement in muscle delivery with the use of electroporation has renewed interest in muscle tissue for systemic protein therapy. In rats, injection of siRNA into the renal artery followed by electroporation led to predominant knockdown of the target protein in the glomeruli [Stokman et al., 2010]. Increased immunogenicity of EP-assisted minicircle-gag may benefit from increasing local antigen expression, up-regulating inflammatory genes and recruiting immune cells [Wang et al., 2014]. In comparison with bleomycin, other drugs such as daunorubicin, doxorubincin, 5-fluorouracil and paclitaxel had no electroporation benefits [Hui, 2008]. In vivo electroporation depends on electric pulses to drive gene transfer. The voltages generally used for electroporation in animals range from 100 to 1200 V/cm. Optimization of Electrotransfection Conditions of Mammalian - Springer The results indicated that, besides passive diffusion through electropores, electrophoretic force of the pulses also contributes to the electroporation-enhanced transport of these charged molecules [Hui, 2013]. Successful use of electroporation was observed in transfecting muscles, brain, skin, liver, and tumors. The standard DNA formulation for electroporation is DNA in physiological saline. In addition, intradermal DNA electroporation is one of the most efficient non-viral methods for the delivery of gene into the skin [Lin et al., 2012]. Skin electroporation temporarily permeabilizes the barrier to drug permeation and therefore could broaden topical delivery to drugs not suitable for delivery by passive diffusion (i.e., hydrophilic, charged, and/or large molecular drugs). Electroporation is a process that is used to introduce foreign genes into a host cell. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Pulse magnitude and duration also has an effect on the damage caused to the cells. Electric shocks are used as a mechanism for introducing new DNA into a host cell by creating new pores in the plasma membrane of the host cell. Among physical methods, electroporation has been frequently studied to stimulate the cellular and in vivo localized delivery of siRNA by electric pulses [Oh and Park, 2009]. Although it takes around half-an-hour longer, I find that the results are more predictable and I like the fact that a greater volume of DNA can be added if the concentration is too low. Pages 12-19 | Received 05 Oct 2010, Accepted 16 Feb 2011, Published online: 18 Jan 2017 Download citation Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. High field strength and a short pulse length gave good results, at least with some of the drugs investigated (e.g., bleomycin), whereas electroporation for genes benefits from a combination of a low electric field and a long pulse length [Takei et al., 2008]. This enormous increase in transfection activity, however, accompanies significant tissue damage and local inflammation, which might not be a disadvantage, if the target is cancer. There are five major concepts of electroporation design. Muscle electroporation with FGF1 plasmid also indicated significantly larger transfection area in electroporated muscle as compared to non-electroporated muscle [Anwer, 2008]. The reports showed an enhanced transport of human luteinizing hormone releasing hormone through heat-stripped human epidermis by electroporation. In addition to the innate effects of each active ingredient, electroporation promotes internal circulation, increases collagen and .
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