This 2km straight canal is known as Batang Hari canal, previously known as Molenvliet, which was dug in the 17th century. Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands are collaborating with top Indonesian universities and researchers Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), IPB University, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries to study the 20 most polluted rivers in Java, Indonesias most populated island, and provide data-driven suggestions to tackle plastic waste in Indonesia. Formerly the water branches into two direction in Glodok, following the two course that is now Jalan Pancoran and Jalan Pinangsia Raya; today the water from Batang Hari canal was diverted east before Lindeteves Trade Center. There were plenty of articles that talked about the pollution but I had to dig to find any real facts. 2015. Abdin E, Subramaniam M, Vaingankar JA, Luo N, Chong SA. Another finding was that the amount of plastic waste was higher when there was more water flowing through. Google Scholar. In 1689, the canals were still unpolluted and could be used for drinking water. A demographically-matched control group was utilized in the study. However, the government may have to recalculate that target and its approach. The river water is murky once it reaches Jakarta because the area of its flow is a disposal area. Remarkably, this did not lead to an increased prevalence of reported anxiety or depression compared with the other groups. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, [11], In 1681, the Ciliwung flow was diverted toward the east along the Postweg (now Jalan Pos) to reach a new canal known as Gunung Sahari Canal. 2012;21(7):120516. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. The local people knows the area around this reservoir as Pancuran. The 17.2km length of the upstream area has a very steep slope (0.08), The 25.4km length in the middle-reach has a slope of 0.01 and the downstream, 55km in length, has a flat slope of 0.0018. (1) BKB-Angke (Ciliwung), (2) Cengkareng Kapuk (Pesanggrahan), (3) BKT (various), (4) Sunter mouth (Sunter), (5) Cakung mouth (Cakung), (6) BKB-Grogol (Ciliwung), and (7) Haryono (Ciliwung). In addition, they perceived themselves as richer than people living in Jakarta and the general population, although their actual incomes were lower. [18]The city administration now hires over 4000 workers to regularly clean the citys rivers, canals, lakes and coastal areas. (A) Java, Jakarta and the Java Sea. Article Nevertheless, river plastic pollution requires a land-sourced solution by linking this river pollution problem to what happens in riverfront areas, especially those stemming from human behavior. Future studies combining quantitative and qualitative methods could obtain a comprehensive picture of the effects of relocation on the people involved. As elsewhere, government plans have been implemented in Jakarta to improve the state of such rivers in order to prevent pollution and flooding. Helliwell J, Layard R, Sachs J. The interviewers were introduced by members of the non-profit organization Ciliwung Merdeka, which operates in the area. For the comparison between the Ciliwung sample and the three other groups of the domains of each variable: health status (EQ-VAS and index score), quality of life (physical, psychological, social relationships and environment domains from WHOQOL-BREF), personal happiness (today, over the past month, and whole life), life satisfaction (now, 5years ago, and 5years from now), and financial situation, we applied t-tests if the data was normally distributed or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test if not normally distributed. (Pdf) Investigation on The Biodegradation Capacity of Urban Rivers in 2017;35(11):115365. Chea R, Grenouillet G, Lek S. Evidence of water quality degradation in lower Mekong Basin revealed by self-organizing map. Privacy The Ciliwung river in Jakarta on the island of Java in Indonesia is an example of such a situation. PubMedGoogle Scholar. PLoS One. In the five locations we surveyed, we mostly found plastic bags and food wrappings. Just click on the icons to get to the download page. Toxic Waters: Photographing the Severe Pollution in Jakarta - PetaPixel As a close community, they developed physical (e.g. Two kingdoms were founded along the Upper Ciliwung in Bogor; Tarumanegara (4th-5th Century) with its King Purnawarman and Sunda (15th-16th Century) with its King Sri Baduga. Qual Life Res. Nonetheless, it has some hidden potential. Ci Liwung is 119km long with a catchment area of 476km2. Also, the plants are using up much of the oxygen in the river which is leading to fish not being able to survive. Neolaka A. Stakeholder participation in flood control of Ciliwung river, Jakarta, Indonesia. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. A visual analogue scale question concerning respondents financial situations was added. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Migrants to the city live cheek by jowl along its banks. First, the data was collected at a time of escalation of tension between the people of Kampung Pulo and the government of Jakarta, i.e. This is one of the case studies we used for a Water and Green Growth project (with the World Water Council, funded by the Government of Korea). 2018;13(5):e0197098. Sci Total Environ. The section of Ciliwung in Jakarta is heavily polluted. Generally, the presence of heavy metals is an indicator of pollution in any river. The benchmark will also help ensure the efficacy of technological solutions. Involving a group of Indonesian scientists from local NGO Waste4Change and Dutch researchers, our study found samples from Ciliwung river are more polluted than at least 20 rivers in Europe and Southeast Asia. The first thing you notice when you look at the Ciliwung as it runs through Jakarta is the amount of trash that is piled on its surface. Water metagenomic analysis reveals low bacterial diversity and the presence of antimicrobial residues and resistance genes in a river containing wastewater from backyard aquacultures in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Table2 shows that by comparison with the matched control group, the Ciliwung group had significantly lower scores for the physical domain of quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and feeling happy today. Purba, F.D., Hunfeld, J.A.M., Fitriana, T.S. This larger study implemented a multi-stage stratified quota sampling procedure to ensure the samples representativeness of the Indonesian general population, resulting in 1041 respondents being interviewed in the final analysis. Riverine plastic pollution is new science but necessary to stop overflowing waste coming to oceans. This river flows through residential, offices, industrial and factories. This will help governments set priorities for which rivers should be cleaned first. : Conf. The plan was to relocate people from Bukit Duri who lived on the riverbank after the relocation of Kampung Pulo was finished. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The river is heavily polluted with trash and wastewater. Informal settlements or slums flourished on the banks of Ciliwung, increasing the amount of waste and reducing the surface area of the river. This is a small river and nowadays it has turned out to be open swear Line flowing through the Guwahati City. Several limitations of this study should be considered. Ciliwung river basin has a narrow and elongated shape. Fredrick Dermawan Purba. The Ciliwung river is heavily polluted with heavy metal concentrations such as lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) [6,7,8], nitrate (NO3), human enteric viruses, and Escherichia coli [9, 10]. This site uses cookies. The creation of canals are mainly to improve transportation of goods to the walled city of Batavia and to expand agricultural land by draining the water of the marshes surrounding Batavia to be converted into arable land. Just click on the icons to get to the download page. Reasons for pollution The Deputy Minister of the Indonesian Environment Ministry, Hendri Bastaman, told IRIN that pollution in West Java's rivers is worsening, particularly in the Ciliwung and Citarum, where five million people live along the riverbanks. A list of the most popular web browsers can be found below. The assessment based on the value of the enrichment factor indicates that there has been an increase in the concentration of heavy metals As, Cr, Sb, and Zn in moderate levels due to anthropogenic factors. Participants were asked to assess satisfaction with their life at three time-points: now, 5years ago, and 5years from now. In the five locations we surveyed, we mostly found plastic bags and food wrappings. As can be seen in Table1, we succeeded in constructing a representative sample. The Ciliwung river is heavily polluted with heavy metal concentrations such as lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) [6,7,8], nitrate (NO3), human enteric viruses, and Escherichia coli [9, 10]. Though a relatively new science, the study of plastic pollution in rivers and canals, known as riverine plastic pollution, holds the key to reducing the amount of plastic waste entering the oceans. [12], Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) has a separate Ciliwung Cisadane River Region Center (BBWSCC). Evaluation of water quality status of Ciliwung River based on Pollution If the city really wants to reduce its contribution to global plastic pollution, then we need to be prepared to reduce plastic pollution during its peaks in rainy seasons. recharges water and contaminants to the groundwater) thus potentially being an important source of N pollution to the groundwater, mainly in the form of NH 3 and particularly during the dry season and in the 4 km stretch upstream . Komunitas Int J Indonesian Soc Cult. An additional 30,000 people die from sanitation and hygiene related illnesses according to the World Bank. 2017;32(4):58. A pilot study of 46 inhabitants of Ciliwung was conducted to test the feasibility of the questionnaires and revision was subsequently undertaken based on the respondents input. 2012;10:132. We asked the following question: We would like to know how you perceive your familys financial situation. Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. It is expected that the water flow will increase from current 200 cubic meters per second to 570 cubic meters per second. The New East Flood Canal has been opened since 2010, a 23 kilometers canal from Cipinang River to the east and then to the north of Java Sea as a quarter of a circle with 100 to 300 meters width. We found 20,000 items flowing into the ocean per hour. Article PAPER OPEN ACCESS Assessment of heavy metals pollution in - IOPscience [16] Flooding is a problem of Ciliwung. Their differences with the Jakarta and general population samples were comparable. Research Finds Indonesia's Ciliwung Among the World's Most Polluted Eventually the water ends up in Sunda Kelapa harbor after passing through the canals of Jakarta Old Town. The scores are then transformed into a linear scale between 0 and 100, with 0 being the least favorable quality of life and 100 being the most favorable [26, 27]. Nat Hazards. 51 -100. Living in uncertainty due to floods and pollution: the health status PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e108434. Plastic items weighing more than 2 million kilograms in total, as much as 1,000 Tesla cars like this, end up in the oceans from rivers in Jakarta alone. This translation of EQ-5D-5L was produced using a standardized translation protocol [18] and has proven to be valid and reliable in many countries [19,20,21,22] including in Indonesian population samples [23, 24]. . 2011;87(6):66973. Self-perceived health measured with EQ-5D-5L (EQ-VAS) showed the opposite direction to that measured by WHOQOL-BREF: Ciliwung respondents reported significantly higher (more favorable) scores than the matched control group. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Pollution in the river water in Indonesia appeared to be caused by the lack of sewerage systems. Qual Life Res. Assessment of the psychometric performance of the WHOQOL-BREF instrument in a sample of Brazilian older adults. Soc Sci Med. A quantitative study could be undertaken by repeating the measurement of HRQOL in the current research population with respect to happiness, life satisfaction, and perceived economic circumstances in their new living environment and to compare these data with the previous data before their relocation. The MANOVA analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences between the Ciliwung group and the matched control group in quality of life and life satisfaction (Wilks lambda 0.915 and 0.965, respectively), but not in health status and happiness. The Indonesian version of WHOQOL-BREF is available and has been proven as a valid and reliable questionnaire to be used in Indonesia [33] . Sunda Kelapa, located at the mouth of Ciliwung (more or less at the north end of present Kali Besar), was the main harbor of the Kingdom of Sunda. Hunger M, Sabariego C, Stollenwerk B, Cieza A, Leidl R. Validity, reliability and responsiveness of the EQ-5D in German stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Compared to the Jakarta respondents, the Ciliwung group reported significantly lower scores on three quality of life domains (physical, social, and environmental), and on personal happiness for all time points. The Ciliwungs pollution comes at it from everywhere; raw sewage, industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, and household trash. Dubbed the worlds second-largest marine polluter, Indonesia has ambitious targets to reduce plastic waste by 70% by 2025. PDF Heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, and - Bioflux Figure 1. McCaffrey N, Kaambwa B, Currow DC, Ratcliffe J. Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5L: south Australian population norms. 2007;26:2738. Ciliwung watershed has an area of approximately 347 km 2 ; and the length of the main river is 117 km. The recent relocation to a better environment with better housing might improve the former Ciliwung inhabitants quality of life and happiness, but not necessarily their perceived health, satisfaction with life, and financial situations. The waters of Ciliwung was also channeled to form two inner and outer moats and a wall surrounding the city of Batavia. The children played and swum with their playmates. 20 years sounds ambitious, but its better to try for 20 years and it take 30 then try for 40 and it take 60. Designated as a national priority for management, the Ciliwung River that runs from Mount Pangrango (upper stream) to Jakarta Bay (lower stream) has received pollution from results of human. Im sorry to hear about the state of the river in your town. First, the people living on the banks of the Ciliwung river had learned to cope with certain life conditions; they considered the yearly floods as a normal part of everyday life to which they had become accustomed. PubMed Central When we averaged the respondents responses at the three different time points on the happiness and life satisfaction scales, the results were similar to those shown in Table4: the Ciliwung group was significantly different from the other groups in happiness and life satisfaction scores. Also famous is a humorous play, the Lenong, using a special Betawi dialect. 2004;12(2):14759. On the other hand, most of the Chinese who drank tea rarely got sick. The Ciliwung respondents reported lower physical QoL on WHOQOL-BREF and less personal happiness than the matched controls but rated their health (EQ-5D-5L) and life satisfaction better than the matched controls. Dry season turns Ciliwung River black and smelly - The Jakarta Post The flow of Ciliwung was diverted through the Manggarai floodgate, constructed at the point near Manggarai station. Based on the pollution load index value (PLI), all sampling locations are in no pollution conditions. Health Qual Life Outcomes. Volume 1436, They have expanded their living space by piling sacks of stones as a foundation. Further multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the group differences when controlling for socio-demographic variables: gender, age, education, monthly income, ethnicity, religion, and marital status. Article Nitrates from fertilizers are causing plant growth in the river which is leading to the river flow being impeded in some places. Riverine plastic emission from Jakarta into the ocean Moderate. PubMed Central Nripendra Kumar Sarma Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment is one of the critical issues due to the toxic and persistent characters [2-4]. Considering the findings of lower levels of physical health and happiness of the Ciliwung respondents, relocation to a better living environment might be expected to have improved these aspects of their life. 2007;372(23):41325. Of these families, approximately 400 lived by the Ciliwung. We found 20,000 items flowing into the ocean per hour. PDF Water quality modeling to assess Ciliwung River pollution in Jakarta Factories along the river deposit all of their waste directly into the water every day leading to heavy metals, among other things, being found in the water. BMC Public Health A report from the WHOQOL group. Construction left an . 2013;22(7):171727. The name Ci Haliwung was recorded in the map of C.M. Kido M, Yustiawati SMS, Sulastri HT, Tanaka S, Saito T, Iwakuma T, Kurasaki M. Comparison of general water quality of rivers in Indonesia and Japan. 2015. The research was financed by the EuroQol Group (EQ Project number: 2013240) and the Directorate General of Higher Education of Indonesia (www.ristekdikti.go.id; number: 58.18/E4.4/2014). There is one such river in our town ( Guwahati, Assam, India ) also, named as Bharalu River. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the water quality of the Ciliwung River in the upstream (inlet), middle and downstream (outlet) segments of the Bogor Botanical Gardens. They knew their neighbors, which meant: they could depend upon them in times of distress, they had quick access to formal and informal job opportunities, and support in times of lifecycle events such as marriage, sickness, and death [12, 49]. PubMed This article is to mark Indonesias National Waste Awareness Day (Hari Peduli Sampah Nasional) on February 21. The analysis result shows that the detected elements in sediment include: Br, Al, As, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Cs, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, Yb, and Zn.
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